Scalable manufacturing platform for viral vector purification and viral vectors so purified for use in gene therapy

ABSTRACT

Methods for preparing highly purified AAV vector formulations are provided. The highly pure AAV formulations described herein are superior for clinical use.

RELATED APPLICATIONS

This application is a continuation application of application Ser. No.13/561,753, filed Jul. 30, 2012, which claims the benefit of priority toPCT/US2011/22371, filed Jan. 25, 2011 and provisional application No.61/299,184, filed Jan. 28, 2010, all of which applications are expresslyincorporated herein by reference in their entirety.

GOVERNMENT SUPPORT

Pursuant to 35 U.S.C. § 202(c), it is acknowledged that this inventionwas made with government support under Grant No. HHSN268200748203Cawarded by the National Institutes of Health. The U.S. Government hascertain rights in the invention.

FIELD OF THE INVENTION

This invention relates to the fields of good manufacturing practices andviral vector purification. More specifically, the compositions andmethods facilitate preparation of highly purified recombinant AAV foruse in gene therapy protocols.

BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION

Several publications and patent documents are cited throughout thespecification in order to describe the state of the art to which thisinvention pertains. Each of these citations is incorporated herein byreference as though set forth in full.

Gene delivery is a promising method for the treatment of acquired andinherited diseases. A number of viral-based systems for gene transferpurposes have been described, including adeno-associated virus(AAV)-based systems. AAV is a helper-dependent DNA parvovirus thatbelongs to the genus Dependovirus. AAV requires co-infection with anunrelated helper virus, e.g., adenovirus, herpes virus, or vaccinia, inorder for a productive infection to occur. In the absence of ahelpervirus, AAV establishes a latent state by inserting its genome intoa host cell chromosome. Subsequent infection by a helper virus rescuesthe integrated viral genome, which can then replicate to produceinfectious viral progeny.

AAV has a wide host range and is able to replicate in cells from anyspecies in the presence of a suitable helper virus. For example, humanAAV will replicate in canine cells co-infected with a canine adenovirus.AAV has not been associated with any human or animal disease and doesnot appear to alter the biological properties of the host cell uponintegration. For a review of AAV, see, e.g., Berns and Bohenzky (1987)Advances in Virus Research (Academic Press, Inc.) 32:243-307.

The construction of infectious recombinant AAV (rAAV) virions has beendescribed. See, e.g., U.S. Pat. Nos. 5,173,414 and 5,139,941;International Publication Numbers WO 92/01070 (published Jan. 23, 1992)and WO 93/03769 (published Mar. 4, 1993); Lebkowski et al. (1988) Molec.Cell. Biol. 8:3988-3996; Vincent et al. (1990) Vaccines 90 (Cold SpringHarbor Laboratory Press); Carter, B. J. (1992) Current Opinion inBiotechnology 3:533-539; Muzyczka, N. (1992) Current Topics inMicrobiol. and Immunol. 158:97-129; and Kotin, R. M. (1994) Human GeneTherapy 5:793-801.

AAV vectors can be engineered to carry a heterologous nucleotidesequence of interest (e.g., a selected gene encoding a therapeuticprotein, an antisense nucleic acid molecule, a ribozyme, a miRNA or thelike) by deleting, in whole or in part, the internal portion of the AAVgenome and inserting the DNA sequence of interest between the ITRs. TheITRs remain functional in such vectors allowing replication andpackaging of the rAAV containing the heterologous nucleotide sequence ofinterest. The heterologous nucleotide sequence is also typically linkedto a promoter sequence capable of driving gene expression in thepatient's target cells under the certain conditions. Terminationsignals, such as polyadenylation sites, can also be included in thevector.

While completely eliminating immunogenicity of a viral vector is not arealistic goal, minimizing immunogenicity of AAV vectors prepared forhuman gene therapy is highly desirable. It is an object of the presentinvention to provide compositions and methods which achieve thisobjective.

SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION

In accordance with the present invention, a method for purifying bonafide AAV vector particles comprising a transgene encoding a therapeuticprotein or fragment thereof from an AAV preparation comprising AAVvector particles, empty capsids and host cell impurities, therebyproviding an AAV product substantially free of AAV empty capsids isprovided. Also provided are empty capsids purified using the methoddescribed herein. An exemplary purification scheme comprises harvestingcells transduced with AAV; concentrating the cells via Tangential FlowFiltration; and lysing the cells by microfluidization to form a lysate.The lysate is then filtered and clarified. Following clarification, theAAV particles are purified by ion exchange column chromatography andoptionally further concentrated by tangential flow filtration. Theeluate so generated is then added to an isopynic gradient and subjectedto ultracentrifugation, the layer containing the viral particles isharvested and subjected to buffer exchange by Tangential FlowFiltration. The purified AAV particles are then formulated withsurfactant and the resulting formulation filtered to remove anyremaining impurities there by producing a highly purified AAV product,wherein said bona fide AAV vector particles are present in said AAVproduct in an amount of at least 95%, preferably at greater than 98%.

In a preferred embodiment, the AAV product comprises AAV particles at aconcentration of 10¹⁵ particles per mL, more preferably the particlesare present at a concentration of 10¹⁶ particles per mL and mostpreferably, the particles are present at a concentration of 10¹⁷particles per mL.

The AAV vectors so purified may be of a variety of serotypes, includingwithout limitation, AAV1, AAV2, AAV5, AAV6, AAV8 and AAV9.

In yet another embodiment an AAV vector formulation comprising AAVparticles purified using the method described above in apharmaceutically acceptable carrier is disclosed.

The purified AAV particles of the invention comprise a heterologousnucleic acid encoding a desirable gene product. Such products includewithout limitation, siRNAs, antisense molecules, miRNAs, ribozymes andthe like. Other products include nucleic acids encoding hormones, growthreceptors, ligands and proteins useful for correction of inborn errorsof metabolism. In a particularly preferred embodiment, the vectorencodes a protein selected from the group consisting of RPE65, FactorVIII and Factor IX.

Highly purified empty capsid fractions can also be obtained using thepurification methods described herein. Such empty capsid fractions canbe employed in anti-AAV binding assays, such as ELISA.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

FIG. 1. Illustration of the types of AAV particles produced duringgeneration of recombinant AAV, including schematic of purificationachieved (a mixture of bona fide vector and vector related impurities)using current industry-standard scalable purification processes, andpurification achieved (substantial removal of vector-related impurities)using our scalable purification method incorporating a gradientultracentrifugation step that is rendered ‘scalable’ by virtue ofsequence of purification steps used.

FIG. 2. Flow Chart showing vector purification process steps of theinvention.

FIGS. 3A-3B. Analysis of representative industry-standard scalablepurification process (gen1-Chr)-purified AAV vectors by gradientultracentrifugation. The relative amounts and heterogeneity of AAVparticles in apparently ‘pure’ vector, and the effectiveness of gradientultracentrifugation in separation of bona fide AAV vector fromvector-related impurities are shown. ‘gen1-Che’ is representative ofcurrent “industry-standard” scalable purification processes.

FIG. 4. A typical isopycnic gradient tube, with empty capsids, upperband, clearly separately from the low band, vector genome containing AAVvectors. The bands can be recovered separately, resulting in highlypurified vectors and empty capsids.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION

The current invention provides an AAV vector purification platform thatincludes two unique features that distinguish it from current‘industry-standard’ scalable AAV vector purification processes: 1) amodular platform process that can be used for purification of differentAAV serotypes/capsid variants that provides high vector purity,including efficient removal of vector-related impurities; and 2) aunique sequence of process steps (including a critical ‘core’ sequenceof column chromatography followed by tangential flow filtration,followed by gradient ultracentrifugation) that confers unexpectedscalability to the important ultracentrifugation step.

Optimization of AAV vector generation and purification methods ensuresthat the vector product can efficiently deliver its genetic payload totarget cells, and minimizes the potential for activation of deleteriousimmune responses. Because vector-related impurities are non-self andimmunostimulatory with respect to a prospective human recipient, theyshould be minimized or eliminated during purification of humanparenteral products. Vector-related impurities are typically produced inmuch higher amounts than bona fide vectors during vector generation incell culture, and are difficult to separate from vectors duringpurification because they are similar in structure. In crude cellharvests following vector generation, vector-related impuritiesgenerally represent >50%, typically ˜80%, and may represent >80% of thetotal AAV particles that are biosynthesized. This has been observedusing each of the cell culture systems developed to date to generate AAVvectors. Development of manufacturing processes to purify recombinantAAV as a product to treat human disease must achieve the followingobjectives: 1) consistent vector purity, potency and safety; 2)manufacturing process scalability; and 3) acceptable cost ofmanufacturing. Current ‘industry standard’ scalable AAV vectorpurification processes do not adequately achieve removal ofvector-related impurities, which is important to meet the firstobjective listed above (consistent vector purity, potency and safety).Moreover, failure to adequately remove vector-related impurities usingcurrent industry-standard scalable purification processes has occurredbecause: 1) development of purification processes of viral products suchas recombinant AAV for applications other than vaccines (in which animmune response is typically sought rather than avoided) is relativelyimmature; 2) many groups involved in the development of scalablepurification processes for AAV vectors have been unaware of the highlevels of vector-related impurities and/or have assumed that suchimpurities will not contribute to a clinically significant augmentationof vector immunogenicity; and 3) it is technically challenging todevelop scalable purification processes to separate bona fide vectorsfrom vector-related impurities because these AAV particles closelyresemble each other with respect to the physico-chemical features (e.g.particle size, and particle surface molecular topology and electrostaticcharge distribution) that are typically exploited to achievepurification of biological molecules in scalable process steps.

The following definitions are provided to facilitate the practice of thepresent invention.

By “vector” is meant any genetic element, such as a plasmid, phage,transposon, cosmid, chromosome, virus, virion, etc., which is capable ofreplication when associated with the proper control elements and whichcan transfer gene sequences between cells. Thus, the term includescloning and expression vehicles, as well as viral vectors.

By an “AAV vector” is meant a vector derived from an adeno-associatedvirus serotype, including without limitation, AAV-1, AAV-2, AAV-3,AAV-4, AAV-5, AAV-6, AAV-7 and AAV-8. AAV vectors can have one or moreof the AAV wild-type genes deleted in whole or part, preferably the repand/or cap genes, but retain functional flanking ITR sequences.Functional ITR sequences are necessary for the rescue, replication andpackaging of the AAV virion. Thus, an AAV vector is defined herein toinclude at least those sequences required in cis for replication andpackaging (e.g., functional ITRs) of the virus. The ITRs need not be thewild-type nucleotide sequences, and may be altered, e.g., by theinsertion, deletion or substitution of nucleotides, so long as thesequences provide for functional rescue, replication and packaging. Alsoby an ‘AAV vector’ is meant the protein shell or capsid, which providesan efficient vehicle for delivery of vector nucleic acid to the nucleusof target cells.

“AAV helper functions” refer to AAV-derived coding sequences which canbe expressed to provide AAV gene products that, in turn, function intrans for productive AAV replication. Thus, AAV helper functions includeboth of the major AAV open reading frames (ORFs), rep and cap. The Repexpression products have been shown to possess many functions,including, among others: recognition, binding and nicking of the AAVorigin of DNA replication; DNA helicase activity; and modulation oftranscription from AAV (or other heterologous) promoters. The Capexpression products supply necessary packaging functions. AAV helperfunctions are used herein to complement AAV functions in trans that aremissing from AAV vectors.

The term “AAV helper construct” refers generally to a nucleic acidmolecule that includes nucleotide sequences providing AAV functionsdeleted from an AAV vector which is to be used to produce a transducingvector for delivery of a nucleotide sequence of interest. AAV helperconstructs are commonly used to provide transient expression of AAV repand/or cap genes to complement missing AAV functions that are necessaryfor AAV replication; however, helper constructs lack AAV ITRs and canneither replicate nor package themselves. AAV helper constructs can bein the form of a plasmid, phage, transposon, cosmid, virus, or virion. Anumber of AAV helper constructs have been described, such as thecommonly used plasmids pAAV/Ad and pIM29+45 which encode both Rep andCap expression products. See, e.g., Samulski et al. (1989) J. Virol.63:3822-3828; and McCarty et al. (1991) J. Virol. 65:2936-2945. A numberof other vectors have been described which encode Rep and/or Capexpression products. See, e.g., U.S. Pat. Nos. 5,139,941 and 6,376,237.

The term “vector-related impurities” refers to all types of AAVparticles other than bona fide recombinant AAV particles. Vector-relatedimpurities include empty AAV capsids (also referred to as “empties”, or“empty particles”, and AAV particles containing polynucleotide sequencesother than the intended vector genome (also referred to“AAV-encapsidated nucleic acid impurities” or “AAV-encapsidated DNAimpurities”).

The term “accessory functions” refers to non-AAV derived viral and/orcellular functions upon which AAV is dependent for its replication.Thus, the term captures proteins and RNAs that are required in AAVreplication, including those moieties involved in activation of AAV genetranscription, stage specific AAV mRNA splicing, AAV DNA replication,synthesis of Cap expression products and AAV capsid assembly.Viral-based accessory functions can be derived from any of the knownhelper viruses such as adenovirus, herpesvirus (other than herpessimplex virus type-1) and vaccinia virus.’

The term “accessory function vector” refers generally to a nucleic acidmolecule that includes nucleotide sequences providing accessoryfunctions. An accessory function vector can be transfected into asuitable host cell, wherein the vector is then capable of supporting AAVvirion production in the host cell. Expressly excluded from the term areinfectious viral particles as they exist in nature, such as adenovirus,herpesvirus or vaccinia virus particles. Thus, accessory functionvectors can be in the form of a plasmid, phage, transposon or cosmid. Inparticular, it has been demonstrated that the full-complement ofadenovirus genes are not required for accessory helper functions. Forexample, adenovirus mutants incapable of DNA replication and late genesynthesis have been shown to be permissive for AAV replication. Ito etal., (1970) J. Gen. Virol. 9:243; Ishibashi et al, (1971) Virology45:317. Similarly, mutants within the E2B and E3 regions have been shownto support AAV replication, indicating that the E2B and E3 regions areprobably not involved in providing accessory functions. Carter et al.,(1983) Virology 126:505. However, adenoviruses defective in the E1region, or having a deleted E4 region, are unable to support AAVreplication. Thus, E1A and E4 regions are likely required for AAVreplication, either directly or indirectly. Laughlin et al., (1982) J.Virol. 41:868; Janik et al., (1981) Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 78:1925;Carter et al., (1983) Virology 126:505. Other characterized Ad mutantsinclude: E1B (Laughlin et al. (1982), supra; Janik et al. (1981), supra;Ostrove et al., (1980) Virology 104:502); E2A (Handa et al., (1975) J.Gen. Virol. 29:239; Strauss et al., (1976) J. Virol. 17:140; Myers etal., (1980) J. Virol. 35:665; Jay et al., (1981) Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci.USA 78:2927; Myers et al., (1981) J. Biol. Chem. 256:567); E2B (Carter,Adeno-Associated Virus Helper Functions, in I CRC Handbook ofParvoviruses (P. Tijssen ed., 1990)); E3 (Carter et al. (1983), supra);and E4 (Carter et al. (1983), supra; Carter (1995)).

Although studies of the accessory functions provided by adenoviruseshaving mutations in the E1B coding region have produced conflictingresults, Samulski et al., (1988) J. Virol. 62:206-210, recently reportedthat E1B55k is required for AAV virion production, while E1B19k is not.In addition, International Publication WO 97/17458 and Matshushita etal., (1998) Gene Therapy 5:938-945, describe accessory function vectorsencoding various Ad genes. Particularly preferred accessory functionvectors comprise an adenovirus VA RNA coding region, an adenovirus E4ORF6 coding region, an adenovirus E2A 72 kD coding region, an adenovirusE1A coding region, and an adenovirus E1B region lacking an intact E1B55kcoding region. Such vectors are described in International PublicationNo. WO 01/83797.

By “recombinant virus” is meant a virus that has been geneticallyaltered, e.g., by the addition or insertion of a heterologous nucleicacid construct into the particle.

By “AAV virion” is meant a complete virus particle, such as a wild-type(wt) AAV virus particle (comprising a linear, single-stranded AAVnucleic acid genome associated with an AAV capsid protein coat). In thisregard, single-stranded AAV nucleic acid molecules of eithercomplementary sense, e.g., “sense” or “antisense” strands, can bepackaged into any one AAV virion and both strands are equallyinfectious.’

The terms “recombinant AAV virion,” “rAAV virion,” “AAV vectorparticle,” “full capsids,” and “full particles” are defined herein as aninfectious, replication-defective virus including an AAV protein shell,encapsidating a heterologous nucleotide sequence of interest which isflanked on both sides by AAV ITRs. A rAAV virion is produced in asuitable host cell which has had sequences specifying an AAV vector, AAVhelper functions and accessory functions introduced therein. In thismanner, the host cell is rendered capable of encoding AAV polypeptidesthat are required for packaging the AAV vector (containing a recombinantnucleotide sequence of interest) into infectious recombinant virionparticles for subsequent gene delivery.

The terms “empty capsid,” and “empty particle,” refer to an AAV virionthat includes an AAV protein shell but that lacks in whole or part thepolynucleotide construct comprising the heterologous nucleotide sequenceof interest flanked on both sides by AAV ITRs. Accordingly, the emptycapsid does not function to transfer the gene of interest into the hostcell. However, the highly purified empty capsid formulations may haveutility in other assays, such as ELISA.

The term “host cell” denotes, for example, microorganisms, yeast cells,insect cells, and mammalian cells, that can be, or have been, used asrecipients of an AAV helper construct, an AAV vector plasmid, anaccessory function vector, or other transfer DNA. The term includes theprogeny of the original cell which has been transfected. Thus, a “hostcell” as used herein generally refers to a cell which has beentransfected with an exogenous DNA sequence. It is understood that theprogeny of a single parental cell may not necessarily be completelyidentical in morphology or in genomic or total DNA complement as theoriginal parent, due to natural, accidental, or deliberate mutation.

The term “transfection” is used to refer to the uptake of foreign DNA bya cell, and a cell has been “transfected” when exogenous DNA has beenintroduced inside the cell membrane. A number of transfection techniquesare generally known in the art. See, e.g., Graham et al. (1973)Virology, 52:456, Sambrook et al. (1989) Molecular Cloning, a laboratorymanual, Cold Spring Harbor Laboratories, New York, Davis et al. (1986)Basic Methods in Molecular Biology, Elsevier, and Chu et al. (1981) Gene13:197. Such techniques can be used to introduce one or more exogenousDNA moieties into suitable host cells.

As used herein, the term “cell line” refers to a population of cellscapable of continuous or prolonged growth and division in vitro. Often,cell lines are clonal populations derived from a single progenitor cell.It is further known in the art that spontaneous or induced changes canoccur in karyotype during storage or transfer of such clonalpopulations. Therefore, cells derived from the cell line referred to maynot be precisely identical to the ancestral cells or cultures, and thecell line referred to includes such variants.

A stock or preparation of rAAV virions comprising AAV vector particles(packaged genomes) is “substantially free of” AAV empty capsids when atleast about 50%-99% or more of the virions present in the stock are rAAVvirions with packaged genomes (i.e., AAV vector particles). Preferably,the AAV vector particles comprise at least about 75% to 85%, morepreferably about 90% of the virions present in the stock, even morepreferably at least about 95%, or even 99% or more by weight of thevirions present in the stock, or any integer between these ranges. Thus,a stock is substantially free of AAV empty capsids when from about 40%to about 1% or less, preferably about 25% to about 15% or less, morepreferably about 10% or less, even more preferably about 5% to about 1%or less of the resulting stock comprises empty capsids.

A stock or preparation of rAAV virions comprising AAV vector particles(packaged genomes) is “substantially free of” AAV-encapsidated nucleicacid impurities” when at least about 90-99% or more of the virionspresent in the stock are rAAV virions with packaged bona fide genomes(i.e., AAV vector particles). Preferably, the AAV vector particlescomprise at least about 95% to 98%, more preferably about 99% of thevirions present in the stock, even more preferably at least about >99%or more by weight of the virions present in the stock, or any integerbetween these ranges. Thus, a stock is substantially free ofAAV-encapsidated nucleic acid impurities when from about 10% to about 1%or less, preferably about 2% or less, more preferably about 1% or less,even more preferably about 0.5% or less of the resulting stock comprisesAAV-encapsidated nucleic acid impurities.

A “nucleic acid” sequence refers to a DNA or RNA sequence. The termcaptures sequences that include any of the known base analogues of DNAand RNA such as, but not limited to 4-acetylcytosine,8-hydroxy-N6-methyladenosine, aziridinylcytosine, pseudoisocytosine,5-(carboxyhydroxylmethyl) uracil, 5-fluorouracil, 5-bromouracil,5-carboxymethylaminomethyl-2-thiouracil,5-carboxymethylaminomethyluracil-, dihydrouracil, inosine,N6-isopentenyladenine, 1-methyladenine, 1-methylpseudouracil,1-methylguanine, 1-methylinosine, 2,2-dimethylguanine, 2-methyladenine,2-methylguanine, 3-methylcytosine, 5-methylcytosine, N6-methyladenine,7-methylguanine, 5-methylaminomethyluracil,5-methoxyaminomethyl-2-thiouracil, beta-D-mannosylqueosine,5′-methoxycarbonylmethyluracil, 5-methoxyuracil,2-methylthio-N6-isopentenyladenine, uracil-5-oxyacetic acid methylester,uracil-5-oxyacetic acid, oxybutoxosine, pseudouracil, queosine,2-thiocytosine, 5-methyl-2-thiouracil, 2-thiouracil, 4-thiouracil,5-methyluracil, Buracil-5-oxyacetic acid methylester, uracil-5-oxyaceticacid, pseudouracil, queosine, 2-thiocytosine, and 2,6-diaminopurine.

A “coding sequence” or a sequence which “encodes” a selectedpolypeptide, is a nucleic acid molecule which is transcribed (in thecase of DNA) and translated (in the case of mRNA) into a polypeptide invivo when placed under the control of appropriate regulatory sequences.The boundaries of the coding sequence are determined by a start codon atthe 5′ (amino) terminus and a translation stop codon at the 3′ (carboxy)terminus. A transcription termination sequence may be located 3′ to thecoding sequence.

The term DNA “control sequences” refers collectively to promotersequences, polyadenylation signals, transcription termination sequences,upstream regulatory domains, origins of replication, internal ribosomeentry sites (“IRES”), enhancers, and the like, which collectivelyprovide for the replication, transcription and translation of a codingsequence in a recipient cell. Not all of these control sequences needalways be present so long as the selected coding sequence is capable ofbeing replicated, transcribed and translated in an appropriate hostcell.

The term “promoter” is used herein in its ordinary sense to refer to anucleotide region comprising a DNA regulatory sequence, wherein theregulatory sequence is derived from a gene which is capable of bindingRNA polymerase and initiating transcription of a downstream(3′-direction) coding sequence. Transcription promoters can include“inducible promoters” (where expression of a polynucleotide sequenceoperably linked to the promoter is induced by an analyte, cofactor,regulatory protein, etc.), “repressible promoters” (where expression ofa polynucleotide sequence operably linked to the promoter is induced byan analyte, cofactor, regulatory protein, etc.), and “constitutivepromoters.”

“Operably linked” refers to an arrangement of elements wherein thecomponents so described are configured so as to perform their usualfunction. Thus, control sequences operably linked to a coding sequenceare capable of effecting the expression of the coding sequence. Thecontrol sequences need not be contiguous with the coding sequence, solong as they function to direct the expression thereof. Thus, forexample, intervening untranslated yet transcribed sequences can bepresent between a promoter sequence and the coding sequence and thepromoter sequence can still be considered “operably linked” to thecoding sequence.

For the purpose of describing the relative position of nucleotidesequences in a particular nucleic acid molecule throughout the instantapplication, such as when a particular nucleotide sequence is describedas being situated “upstream,” “downstream,” “3′,” or “5′” relative toanother sequence, it is to be understood that it is the position of thesequences in the “sense” or “coding” strand of a DNA molecule that isbeing referred to as is conventional in the art.

The term “heterologous” as it relates to nucleic acid sequences such ascoding sequences and control sequences, denotes sequences that are notnormally joined together, and/or are not normally associated with aparticular cell. Thus, a “heterologous” region of a nucleic acidconstruct or a vector is a segment of nucleic acid within or attached toanother nucleic acid molecule that is not found in association with theother molecule in nature. For example, a heterologous region of anucleic acid construct could include a coding sequence flanked bysequences not found in association with the coding sequence in nature.Another example of a heterologous coding sequence is a construct wherethe coding sequence itself is not found in nature (e.g., syntheticsequences having codons different from the native gene). Similarly, acell transformed with a construct which is not normally present in thecell would be considered heterologous for purposes of this invention.Allelic variation or naturally occurring mutational events do not giverise to heterologous DNA, as used herein.

The transgene comprising the heterologous nucleic acid can encode anumber of useful products. These can include siRNA, antisense molecules,and miRNAs for example. Alternatively, transgenes can encode hormonesand growth and differentiation factors including, without limitation,insulin, glucagon, growth hormone (GH), parathyroid hormone (PTH),growth hormone releasing factor (GRF), follicle stimulating hormone(FSH), luteinizing hormone (LH), human chorionic gonadotropin (hCG),vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF), angiopoietins, angiostatin,granulocyte colony stimulating factor (GCSF), erythropoietin (EPO),connective tissue growth factor (CTGF), basic fibroblast growth factor(bFGF), acidic fibroblast growth factor (aFGF), epidermal growth factor(EGF), transforming growth factor α (TGFα), platelet-derived growthfactor (PDGF), insulin growth factors I and II (IGF-I and IGF-II), anyone of the transforming growth factor β superfamily, including TGFβ,activins, inhibins, or any of the bone morphogenic proteins (BMP) BMPs1-15, any one of the heregluin/neuregulin/ARIA/neu differentiationfactor (NDF) family of growth factors, nerve growth factor (NGF),brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF), neurotrophins NT-3 and NT4/5,ciliary neurotrophic factor (CNTF), glial cell line derived neurotrophicfactor (GDNF), neurturin, agrin, any one of the family ofsemaphorins/collapsins, netrin-1 and netrin-2, hepatocyte growth factor(HGF), ephrins, noggin, sonic hedgehog and tyrosine hydroxylase.

Other useful transgene products include proteins that regulate theimmune system including, without limitation, cytokines and lymphokinessuch as thrombopoietin (TPO), interleukins (IL) IL-1 through IL-17,monocyte chemoattractant protein, leukemia inhibitory factor,granulocyte-macrophage colony stimulating factor, Fas ligand, tumornecrosis factors α and β, interferons α, β, and γ, stem cell factor,flk-2/flt3 ligand. Gene products produced by the immune system are alsouseful in the invention. These include, without limitations,immunoglobulins IgG, IgM, IgA, IgD and IgE, chimeric immunoglobulins,humanized antibodies, single chain antibodies, T cell receptors,chimeric T cell receptors single chain T cell receptors, class I andclass II MHC molecules, as well as engineered immunoglobulins and MHCmolecules. Useful gene products also include regulatory proteins such ascomplement regulatory proteins, membrane cofactor protein (MCP), decayaccelerating factor (DAF), CR1, CF2 and CD59.

Other useful gene products include those that can correct in born errorsof metabolism. Such transgenes can encode for example, carbamoylsynthetase I, ornithine transcarbamylase, arginosuccinate synthetase,arginosuccinate lyase, arginase, fumarylacetacetate hydrolase,phenylalanine hydroxylase, alpha-1 antitrypsin, glucose-6-phosphatase,porphobilinogen deaminase, factor V, factor VIII, factor IX, cystathionebeta-synthase, branched chain ketoacid decarboxylase, albumin,isovaleryl-coA dehydrogenase, propionyl CoA carboxylase, methyl malonylCoA mutase, glutaryl CoA dehydrogenase, insulin, beta-glucosidase,pyruvate carboxylate, hepatic phosphorylase, phosphorylase kinase,glycine decarboxylase, H-protein, T-protein, a cystic fibrosistransmembrane regulator (CFTR) sequence, and a dystrophin cDNA sequence.

By “isolated” when referring to a nucleotide sequence, is meant that theindicated molecule is present in the substantial absence of otherbiological macromolecules of the same type. Thus, an “isolated nucleicacid molecule which encodes a particular polypeptide” refers to anucleic acid molecule which is substantially free of other nucleic acidmolecules that do not encode the subject polypeptide; however, themolecule may include some additional bases or moieties which do notdeleteriously affect the basic characteristics of the composition.

The present invention involves reducing the numbers of, or eliminating,AAV vector related impurities (e.g. empty capsids and AAV-encapsidatednucleic acid impurities) contained within purified stocks of AAVvirions, with minimal loss to AAV vector particles contained therein.The methods of the present invention may be used regardless of theprocess in which rAAV virions are generated.

There are several methods that are well known in the art for generatingrAAV virions: for example, transfection using vector and AAV helpersequences in conjunction with coinfection with one of the AAV helperviruses (e.g., adenovirus, herpesvirus, or vaccinia virus) ortransfection with a recombinant AAV vector, an AAV helper vector, and anaccessory function vector. For detailed descriptions of methods forgenerating rAAV virions see, U.S. Pat. Nos. 6,001,650 and 6,004,797,both incorporated herein by reference in their entireties.

Purification of rAAV Virions

Following recombinant AAV replication (i.e. vector generation in cellculture systems), rAAV virions can be purified from the host cell usinga variety of conventional purification methods, such as columnchromatography, CsCl gradients, and the like. For example, a pluralityof column purification steps can be used, such as purification over ananion exchange column, an affinity column and/or a cation exchangecolumn. See, for example, International Publication No. WO 02/12455.Further, if infection is employed to express the accessory functions,residual helper virus can be inactivated, using known methods. Forexample, adenovirus can be inactivated by heating to temperatures ofapproximately 60° C. for, e.g., 20 minutes or more. This treatmenteffectively inactivates only the helper virus since AAV is extremelyheat stable while the helper adenovirus is heat labile.

Recombinant AAV vectors containing any number of reporter genes can beused to determine infectious titers. For example, alkaline phosphatase,beta-galactosidase (LacZ), green fluorescent protein, or luciferase maybe used. After harvesting the transfected host cell, a lysate is formedby disrupting the transfected host cells using techniques suitable forlarge-scale production, such as microfluidization. The lysate is thenfiltered (for example, through a 0.45 μm filter), and purified usingcolumn chromatographic methods as described herein. Other techniqueshave also been reported to determine the infectious titer of any AAVvector. See, e.g., Zhen et al., “An Infectious Titer Assay forAdeno-associated Virus (AAV) Vectors with Sensitivity Sufficient toDetect Single Infectious Events.” Hum. Gene Ther. (2004) 15:709-715. Theclarified cell lystate is subjected to one or more purification processstep(s) to purify AAV particles (including bona fide vectors andvector-related impurities) using column chromatography techniques. Inpreferred methods, the AAV particles are purified using one or moresequential steps involving cation and/or anion exchange chromatography.In a particularly preferred method of the invention, rAAV preparationsare obtained by lysing transfected cells to obtain a crude cell lysateby readily scalable methods. The crude cell lysate can then be clarifiedto remove cell debris by techniques well known in the art, such asfiltering, centrifuging, and the like, to render a clarified celllysate. The crude cell lysate or clarified cell lysate, which containboth AAV particles (bona fide AAV vectors, AAV empty capsids, and AAVvector related impurities) and a range of non AAV vector relatedimpurities, e.g., soluble cellular components from the infected hostcell. These can include undesirable cellular proteins, lipids, and/ornucleic acids, and cell culture medium components (e.g. bovine serum),The lysate, is applied to a first cation exchange column. The firstcation exchange column functions to further separate the AAV particlesfrom cellular and other components present in the cell lysatepreparation. Methods for performing the initial purification of the celllysate are known. One representative method is described in U.S. Pat.No. 6,593,123, incorporated herein by reference in its entirety.

The use of column chromatography can achieve efficient purification ofAAV particles from most other impurities present in the crude harvestfollowing recombinant AAV vector generation in cell culture. Forexample, one or more ion exchange chromatography steps may be used insequence to progressively separate AAV particles from impurities. Anionand cation exchange chromatography resins, and other types ofchromatography resins, may be used in various combinations, with varyingcombinations being optimal depending on the specific AAV serotype ofinterest. Use of the following chromatography resins in a singlechromatography step for purification of the following recombinant AAVserotypes can be used:

AAV Resin Order Information Reference serotype Poros 50HS Appliedhttp://www3-appliedbiosystems-com/cms/ AAV2 Biosystems, PN 1-groups/psm_support/documents/ AAV6 3359-07generaldocuments/cms_041648-pdf Poros 50HQ Appliedhttp://www3-appliedbiosystems-com/cms/ AAV1 Biosystems, PN 1-groups/psm_support/documents/ AAV8 2559-07generaldocuments/cms_041639-pdf Poros 50PI Appliedhttp://www3-appliedbiosystems-com/cms/ AAV5 Biosystems, PN 1-groups/psm_support/documents/ 2459-07 generaldocuments/cms_041639-pdfCHT Ceramic BioRad PN 1570041 http://www-bio-rad- AAV9 Hydroxy-com/webroot/web/pdf/psd/literature/ apatite LIT611E-PDF

In some case, two or more sequential chromatography steps may be usefulto achieve higher AAV particle purity and assure removal of adventitiousviral contaminants, a requirement for the manufacture of recombinant AAVfor use in human subjects to treat diseases. Sequential chromatographysteps can use different resins performed sequentially in varying orders,optimized for different recombinant AAV serotypes. For example, vectorparticle purification achieved by two sequential chromatography stepsmay employ the following format:

First step Anion Anion Cation Cation Second step Anion Cation CationCation

Suitable cation exchangers for both the first cation exchange column andthe second cation exchange column, if used, include a wide variety ofmaterials known in the art. Particularly preferred are strong cationexchangers capable of binding rAAV virions over a wide pH range. Forexample carboxymethylated and sulfonated cation exchange matrices areparticularly useful for use herein. Useful matrix materials include butare not limited to, cellulose matrices, such as fibrous, microgranularand beaded matrices; agarose, dextran, polyacrylate, polyvinyl,polystyrene, silica and polyether matrices; and composites. Particularlypreferred herein are matrices containing the functional ligand R—SO₃ ⁻,preferably sulfopropyl or sulfoethyl resins. Representative matricesinclude but are not limited to POROS HS, POROS SP, POROS S (all strongcation exchangers available from Applied Biosystems, Foster City,Calif.), POROS CM (weak cation exchanger available from AppliedBiosystems, Foster City, Calif.), TOSOHAAS TOYOPEARL SP550C and MERCKFRACTOGEL EMD SO₃-650(m), as well as SOURCE 15S, SOURCE 30S, SEPHAROSESP FF, SEPHAROSE SP XL (all available from Amersham Bioscience,Piscataway, N.J.).

For all column chromatography protocols given below, columns can beprepared using standard protocols known in the art with the appropriatebuffer solutions. Sample is then loaded. For the first cation exchangecolumn used, conditions are such that all AAV particles bind to thecolumn resin and are subsequently eluted together, but are separatedfrom other cellular components and debris present in the cell lysate.For example, AAV particles are eluted using a buffer of appropriateionic strength. Suitable buffers include e.g., 10-50 mM sodiumphosphate, preferably 15-40, such as 15, 20, 25, 30, 35, 40, etc. mMsodium phosphate containing salt, such as NaCl or KCl, at aconcentration of e.g, 100-700 mM, such as 200-400 mM, e.g., 200, 300,325, 350, 370, 380, 400, etc., or any concentration within these ranges.The pH of the buffer can be from about 3 to about 9.5, such as 4-8,e.g., pH 4, 4.5, 5, 5.5, 6, etc., or any pH within these ranges. Thefractions are collected and then can be run either on an anion exchangecolumn and/or a second cation exchange column under separatingconditions.

If a second cation exchange column is used to further purify AAVparticles in a subsequent step, two elution buffers may be used, one lowsalt buffer and one high salt buffer. In particular, additionalimpurities are separated from AAV particles using an appropriate bufferat a pH of from about pH 6 to pH 12, preferably pH 7 to pH 10, and evenmore preferably pH 7.5 to pH 9.5, such as pH 7.5, 8.0, 8.1, 8.2, 8.3,8.4, 8.5, 9.0, 9.1, 9.2, 9.3, 9.4, 9.5, or any pH between the statedranges. Appropriate buffers are well known in the art and include,without limitation, buffers with the following buffer ions: acetic acid;malonic acid; MES; phosphate; HEPES, BICINE, and the like. To elute thesample, the ionic strength of the starting buffer is increased using asalt, such as NaCl, KCl, ammonia sulfate or any other salts containingsulfate, formate, acetate, citrate, and/or phosphate. In one embodimentof the invention, the column is first treated with a low saltconcentration, e.g., 10-200 mM of ammonium acetate, such as 20, 25, 30,35, 40, 45, 50, 55, 60, 65-100 mM, or any concentration within theseranges. This treatment results in elution of AAV vector particles fromthe column resin. Subsequently the column is treated with a higher saltconcentration in order to elute AAV empty capsids. One example for useas the second buffer is ammonium acetate with a concentration of 100-800mM, preferably 500-700 mM, such as 500, 550, 600, 650, 700, 800 mM, orany concentration within these stated ranges. Using these conditions,the AAV vector particles elute in the early fractions and the emptyparticles later.

As explained above, in an alternate method of the invention, thepreparation from the first cation exchange column is applied to an anionexchange column either in place of or in addition to the second cationexchange column. If an anion exchange column is used in addition to thesecond cation exchange column, it can be used either prior or subsequentto the second cation exchange column. Moreover, a second anion exchangecolumn can be used after the first anion exchange column. A number ofsuitable anion exchangers for use with the present invention are knownand include without limitation, MACRO PREP Q (strong anion-exchangeravailable from BioRad, Hercules, Calif.); UNOSPHERE Q (stronganion-exchanger available from BioRad, Hercules, Calif.); POROS 50HQ(strong anion-exchanger available from Applied Biosystems, Foster City,Calif.); POROS 50D (weak anion-exchanger available from AppliedBiosystems, Foster City, Calif.); POROS 50PI (weak anion-exchangeravailable from Applied Biosystems, Foster City, Calif.); SOURCE 30Q(strong anion-exchanger available from Amersham Biosciences, Piscataway,N.J.); DEAE SEPHAROSE (weak anion-exchanger available from AmershamBiosciences, Piscataway, N.J.); Q SEPHAROSE (strong anion-exchangeravailable from Amersham Biosciences, Piscataway, N.J.).

The anion exchange column is first equilibrated using standard buffersand according to the manufacturer's specifications. For example, thecolumn can be equilibrated with, e.g., a 5 to 50 mM, preferably 7-20 mM,such as 10 mM, sodium phosphate buffer. Sample is then loaded and twoelution buffers are used, one low salt buffer and one high salt buffer.Fractions are collected following each of the low salt and high saltwashes and protein is detected in the fractions using standardtechniques, such as monitoring UV absorption at 260 and 280 nm. Using ananion exchanger, the protein peaks from the lower salt eluate containAAV empty capsids and the higher salt fractions contain AAV vectorparticles.

In particular, on the anion exchange column, AAV particles can befurther purified using an appropriate buffer at a pH of from about pH 5to pH 12, preferably pH 6 to pH 10, and even more preferably pH 7 to pH9.5, such as pH 7.1, 7.2, 7.3, 7.4-8.0, 8.1, 8.2, 8.3, 8.4, 8.5-9.0,9.1, 9.2, 9.3, 9.4, 9.5, or any pH between the stated ranges.Appropriate buffers for use with the anion exchange columns are wellknown in the art and are generally cationic or zwitterionic in nature.Such buffers include, without limitation, buffers with the followingbuffer ions: N-methylpiperazine; piperazine; Bis-Tris; Bis-Tris propane;Triethanolamine; Tris; N-methyldiethanolamine; 1,3-diaminopropane;ethanolamine; acetic acid, and the like. To elute the sample, the ionicstrength of the starting buffer is increased using a salt, such as NaCl,KCl, sulfate, formate or acetate, at an appropriate pH.

In one embodiment of the invention, the anion exchange column is firsttreated with a low salt concentration, e.g., 10-100 mM of NaCl, such as10, 20, 25, 30, 35, 40, 45, 50, 55, 60, 65-100 mM, or any concentrationwithin these ranges. Following initial treatment, the column is thentreated with a higher salt concentration in order to elute impurities,such as a higher NaCl concentration, or with another buffer with agreater ionic strength. One example for use as the second buffer is asodium acetate buffer or a Tris-based buffer with a concentration of100-300 mM, preferably 125-200 mM, such as 125, 130, 140, 150, 160, 170,180, 190, 200 mM, or any concentration within these stated ranges. Afteradditional impurities are eluted from the column, the AAV particles canbe recovered using a higher concentration of salt. One example for useas the elution buffer is 10 mM Tris buffer containing sodium acetate ata concentration in the range of 100-500 mM, preferably 130-300 mM, suchas 100, 130, 150, 200, 250, 300, 350, 400, 450, 500 mM, or anyconcentration within these stated ranges.

The use of cation or anion exchange chromatography resins, the nature ofthe resins used (i.e. strong or weak ion exchangers) and the conditionsof salt concentration, buffer used, and pH, will vary on the AAV capsidvariant (i.e. AAV capsid serotype or pseudotype). While the known AAVcapsid variants all share features such as size and shape, they differin fine details of molecular topology and surface charge distribution.Hence, while all capsid variants are expected to be amenable topurification by ion exchange chromatography, and relevant methods can bedetermined in a systematic manner using chromatography resin and bufferscreening experiments, different conditions will be required for eachAAV capsid variant to achieve efficient AAV particle purification. Suchconditions are readily apparent to the skilled artisan.

Column chromatography steps are well suited to efficiently purifymolecular species that share a common molecular shape and similar chargedistribution away from other species (e.g. impurities) that havedifferent molecular shapes and charge distributions. In the case ofrecombinant AAV vectors, which are made in a production cell culturesystem, a known characteristic of the crude biosynthetic harvest is thatnumerous types of AAV particles are present therein. These diverseparticles include bona fide AAV vector (i.e. a vector capsid containingthe intended DNA fragment inside); empty capsids (i.e. a vector capsidwith nothing inside), and other vector related impurities (e.g. vectorcapsids with other (unintended) pieces of DNA inside. In addition tothese diverse AAV particles (i.e. bona fide vectors and vector relatedimpurities), other types of impurities (e.g., host cell proteins, lipidsand/or nucleic acid and/or cell culture medium components) are presentin abundance. Column chromatography is especially well suited to purifyAAV particles from the undesirable impurities. Gradientultracentrifugation, though difficult to perform with large volumes ofmaterial, is well suited to separating most AAV vector-relatedimpurities from bona fide AAV vectors, based on differences in densitiesof these respective particles. Gradient ultracentrifugation has to dategenerally been considered not scalable, and therefore heretofore not anappropriate manufacturing process step for use in large scalemanufacturing processes. This perceived non-scalability of the gradientultracentrifugation step is due in part to the requirement in the art toprocess relatively large volumes material to recover relatively smallamounts of recombinant AAV. However, AAV particles that have alreadybeen purified by one or more column chromatography steps as describedabove can be efficiently concentrated by tangential flow filtration, forexample using a hollow fiber membrane with a nominal pore sizecorresponding to a 100 kDa molecular weight cutoff, to highconcentration so that large amounts of vector can be prepared on asingle standard ultracentrifugation run, which can handle approximately400 mL of solution containing purified vector particles. For example,chromatography-purified AAV particles containing 10% bona fide AAVvectors (and therefore 90% vector-related impurities such as emptycapsids) can be concentrated to 10¹⁴ particles per mL (containing 10¹³AAV vector particles per mL and 9×10¹³ particles per mL of vectorrelated impurities), can be processed in a single ultracentrifugationrun, e.g., ˜400 mL per batch using a Beckman Ti50 Rotor resulting inapproximately 4×10¹⁵ bona fide AAV vector particles (10¹³ vg/mL×400mL=4×10¹⁵ vg). This yield of AAV vector is sufficient to provide manydoses for many clinical applications, achieving efficient separation ofthe AAV vector particles from the majority of AAV vector-relatedimpurities. For clinical applications requiring higher doses of vector,purified AAV particles containing 10% bona fide AAV vectors can beconcentrated to 10¹⁵ particles per mL by tangential flow filtration(TFF), and can then be processed in a single ultracentrifugation run toresult in approximately 4×10¹⁶ vector genomes (bona fide AAV vectors).For other clinical applications that require even greater doses ofvector, purified AAV particles containing 10% bona fide AAV vectors canbe concentrated to 10¹⁶ particles per mL by TFF, and can then beprocessed in a single ultracentrifugation run to result in approximately4×10¹⁷ vector genomes (bona fide AAV vectors). Concentration of purifiedAAV particles to 10¹⁶ particles per mL is feasible. This corresponds toa mass concentration of approximately 100 milligrams per milliliter, aconcentration that can be achieved for other purified biologicalmolecules such as monoclonal antibodies. Such high concentrationsrequire appropriate attention to formulation to avoid unwanted stabilityissues such as aggregation (Wright et al, 2005). The novel combinationof purification of AAV particles from clarified host cell lysates bycolumn chromatography, concentration (if necessary) of purified AAVparticles by known scalable manufacturing steps such as tangential flowfiltration, combined with isopynic gradient ultracentrifugation provideslarge amounts of highly purified recombinant AAV vector. The use ofgradient ultracentrifugation provides for greater flexibility (e.g.,applicability to vectors derived from various AAV serotypes) and purity(e.g., efficient removal of vector related impurities), criticalconsiderations for cost effectiveness and long term efficacy in humanclinical applications. The combination of efficient columnchromatography and tangential flow filtration, both readily scalable,biopharmaceutical industry standard manufacturing process steps, renderthe subsequent density gradient ultracentrifugation step scalable. Thenovel combination of these steps, performed as outlined above, providesa purification platform generally applicable to all AAV capsid variantsthat is flexible, scalable, and critically, provides sufficiently highpurity (i.e. absence of general impurities as well as vector relatedimpurities) to significantly enhance gene transfer efficiency andminimize the probability of efficacy limiting host immune responsesfollowing administration to human subjects for gene therapy.

Methods for assaying for empty capsids and AAV vector particles withpackaged genomes are known in the art. See, e.g., Grimm et al., GeneTherapy (1999) 6:1322-1330; Sommer et al., Molec. Ther. (2003)7:122-128. To test for denatured capsid, the methods include subjectingthe treated AAV stock to SDS-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis,consisting of any gel capable of separating the three capsid proteins,for example, a gradient gel containing 3-8% Tris-acetate in the buffer,then running the gel until sample material is separated, and blottingthe gel onto nylon or nitrocellulose membranes, preferably nylon.Anti-AAV capsid antibodies are then used as the primary antibodies thatbind to denatured capsid proteins, preferably an anti-AAV capsidmonoclonal antibody, most preferably the B1 anti-AAV-2 monoclonalantibody (Wobus et al., J. Virol. (2000) 74:9281-9293). A secondaryantibody is then used, one that binds to the primary antibody andcontains a means for detecting binding with the primary antibody, morepreferably an anti-IgG antibody containing a detection moleculecovalently bound to it, most preferably a sheep anti-mouse IgG antibodycovalently linked to horseradish peroxidase. A method for detectingbinding is used to semi-quantitatively determine binding between theprimary and secondary antibodies, preferably a detection method capableof detecting radioactive isotope emissions, electromagnetic radiation,or colorimetric changes, most preferably a chemiluminescence detectionkit.

To test for infectious titer, the methods include the seeding of about100,000 host cells, preferably of human origin, most preferably HeLacells, into tissue culture-treated plates, preferably 24-well tissueculture-treated plates, and incubated for about 24 hours after whichadenovirus, preferably the adenovirus-2 serotype, and treated rAAV stockis added to the host cells. The host cells, adenovirus, and rAAV stockare allowed to incubate for 24 hours, after which the host cells arefixed, preferably with formaldehyde and glutaraldehyde, and stained withan appropriate agent that will detect the rAAV expressed transgene; forexample, with rAAV-LacZ, X-gal is contemplated as the staining agent.Other agents for other reporter genes are well known in the art. Moregeneral methods to determine infectivity titers of vectors containingany transgene are also known in the art. See, e.g., Zhen et al., (2004)“An Infectious Titer Assay for Adeno-associated Virus (AAV) Vectors withSensitivity Sufficient to Detect Single Infectious Events.” Hum. GeneTher. (2004) 15:709-715.

Virus based vectors offer a great benefit for therapeutic gene transferbecause they confer a high degree of efficiency for gene delivery totarget cells relative to non viral methods. However, an inherent riskwhen using virus based vectors is the potential for immunotoxicity. Allviral antigens are known to provoke immune responses of different typesand of variable severity. For example, in humans that are exposed tothem, such antigens and cells associated with these antigens becomingthe target of immune effector functions such as antibodies and cytotoxicT lymphocytes. Among known viruses, AAV is one of the least immunogenic,with the least potential for significant immunotoxicity, providing arecognized benefit in connection with administration of gene transfervectors. However, AAV capsid protein still represents a source of viralantigen that may provoke an unwanted immune response. It is reasonableto assume that the severity of immunotoxicity caused by the AAV capsidprotein in a human subject who receives an AAV vector will beproportional to the amount of AAV capsid protein administered.Therefore, a higher dose of AAV capsid can be correlated to a higherrisk of significant immunotoxicity. To ensure the safest use of suchvectors for administration to human subjects, the amount of AAV capsidprotein associated with an efficacious dose of vector genomes should beminimized. Methods of purifying AAV vectors that efficiently removevector-related impurities, especially AAV empty capsids that typicallyrepresent 50-90%, and can represent >90% of AAV particles generated intypical cell culture vector production, will significantly reduce therisk of immunotoxicity in a human recipient. It was reported that ahuman recipient that received a dose (hepatic administration) of 2×10¹²vg/kg (total body weight) of recombinant AAV vectors that weresubstantially free of vector related impurities (i.e. essentially emptycapsid free vector) experienced significant, moderate, self limitingimmunotoxicity as indicated by elevated liver enzymes startingapproximately 3 weeks following vector administration (Manno et al,2006, Nature Medicine). Evaluation supported that the nature of thismodest and transient immunotoxicity was the induction of AAVcapsid-specific cytotoxic T lymphocytes (CTLs) that eliminatedhepatocytes expressing AAV capsid-derived peptides (Manno et al, 2006,Nature Medicine). If the same vector genome dose (2×10¹² vg/kg) ofrecombinant AAV was prepared using a method that did not substantiallyremove vector-related impurities (e.g. approximately 80% of the AAVparticles in the vector preparation were empty capsids), such apreparation would like be associated with increased severeimmunotoxicity as indicated by markedly higher liver enzymes.

The purification method described herein provides vectors with animproved safety profile via efficient removal of vector relatedimpurities (such as empty capsids) in a manner that is scalable, i.e.preparation of large amounts of AAV vectors in a cost effective manneris now possible.

The following examples are provided to illustrate certain embodiments ofthe invention. They are not intended to limit the invention in any way.

EXAMPLE I

This process has been scaled up for AAV vectors for six common andclinically promising AAV serotypes (AAV1, AAV2, AAV5, AAV6, AAV8, andAAV9). This purification process appears to be applicable topurification of vectors based on most, if not all, AAV serotypes andcapsid variants. For each serotype or capsid variant, the details of thecolumn chromatography will vary (i.e. the identity of the chromatographyresin and particular conditions of AAV particle purification). The Tablebelow provides resins that have been used successfully to achievepurification of AAV particles as a function of AAV serotype.

AAV Resin Order Information Reference serotype Poros 50HS Appliedhttp://www3-appliedbiosystems-com/cms/ AAV2 Biosystems, PN 1-groups/psm_support/documents/ AAV6 3359-07generaldocuments/cms_041648-pdf Poros 50HQ Appliedhttp://www3-appliedbiosystems-com/cms/ AAV1 Biosystems, PN 1-groups/psm_support/documents/ AAV8 2559-07generaldocuments/cms_041639-pdf Poros 50PI Appliedhttp://www3-appliedbiosystems-com/cms/ AAV5 Biosystems, PN 1-groups/psm_support/documents/ 2459-07 generaldocuments/cms_041639-pdfCHT Ceramic BioRad PN 1570041 http://www-bio-rad- AAV9 Hydroxy-com/webroot/web/pdf/psd/literature/ apatite LIT611E-PDF

Conditions can be reliably defined to achieve efficient AAV particlecapture, removal of most non-vector impurities (i.e. washing away ofimpurities under conditions in which AAV particles remain bound to theresin), and then elution of AAV particles. Following recovery from thechromatography step(s), the purified AAV particles (i.e. bona fide AAVvectors, empty capsids, and other vector related impurities) can beconcentrated by tangential flow filtration, typically to a concentrationin the range between 1×10¹² to 1×10¹⁶ AAV particles per milliliter(corresponding approximately to 0.1 to 100 milligrams per milliliter),using elevated ionic strength buffers (Wright et al (2005) Mol Therapy)or other buffer conditions as necessary to prevent particle aggregation.Next, a laboratory scale cesium chloride gradient ultracentrifugationstep is performed, for example using a Ti50 rotor containing 12 tubeseach containing ˜40 mL. This step effectively separates bona fide AAVvectors from most vector-related and other non vector related residualimpurities. In this combination and sequence of process steps, includingthe critical core sequence of: 1) column chromatography; 2)concentration by tangential flow filtration (used if necessary to reducethe volume of vector-containing column eluate); and 3) gradientultracentrifugation, scalable, efficient, orthogonal purification ofvector is achieved. Configured in this order, >1×10¹⁵ highly purifiedAAV vectors are routinely separated from vector-related impurities in asingle laboratory scale ultracentrifugation run.

Based on reasonable protein concentration loading in cesium chloride inconjunction with the difference in density between bona fide AAV vectorsand the majority of vector-related impurities, we predict 4×10¹⁶ AAVvectors can be efficiently separated from vector-related impurities in asingle laboratory scale ultracentrifugation run, and at least 10-foldhigher amounts separated per run using large-scale ultracentrifugationequipment. As used herein the phrase “bona fide AAV vector” refers tovectors comprising the transgene of interest which are capable ofinfecting target cells. The phrase excludes empty vectors, and vectorslacking full inserts or those vectors containing host cell nucleicacids. Therefore the centrifugation step is scalable and not limitingfor commercial scale manufacturing of many foreseeable AAV vectorproducts to treat human diseases. Assuming the laboratory scaleultracentrifugation (i.e. approximately 400 mL of column purified AAVparticles), and concentration by tangential flow filtration of columnpurified AAV particles to a concentration of 1×10¹⁵ AAV particles permilliliter (containing 1×10¹⁴ bona fide AAV vectors per milliliter), thefollowing numbers of doses could be prepared: 1) assuming a dose of1×10¹¹ AAV vector expressing a transgene to treat blindness administeredto the eye, up to 400,000 doses could be generated in a single gradientrun; 2) assuming a dose of 1×10¹² AAV vectors expressing a transgene forParkinson's Disease administered to CNS, up to 40,000 doses could begenerated in a single gradient run; 3) assuming a dose of 1×10¹⁴ AAVvectors expressing a transgene for hemophilia, administered to theliver, up to 400 doses could be generated in a single gradient run. Wepredict that AAV particles could be further concentrated 10 fold (to10¹⁶ AAV particles per mL—corresponding to approximately 100 mg/mL, aconcentration of biologic material that is routinely achieved for otherbiomolecules such as monoclonal antibodies) prior to the gradientultracentrifugation step, and that this high but reasonably achievableconcentration would result in 10-fold higher yields of bona fide vectorfrom each standard ultracentrifugation run (capable of processingapproximately 400 mL per batch), i.e. up to 4×10¹⁷ vector genomes.Furthermore, larger scale ultracentrifugation machines could reasonablybe expected to process at least 10-fold larger volumes of concentratedAAV particles, resulting at least 4×10¹⁸ vector genomes (i.e. 4×10¹⁸highly purified, bona fide AAV vectors), the latter corresponding to40,000 doses of 1×10¹⁴ vector genomes per human subject with hemophiliaB. These calculations indicate that the cesium chlorideultracentrifugation step, when performed in the novel purificationplatform described herein, is readily amenable to scale-up to meet allanticipated needs for manufacture of AAV vectors. Unexpectedly, at leastaccording to the currently conventional bioprocess industry belief thatgradient ultracentrifugation is not scalable, the novel bioprocessingsteps (and importantly their order of performance) indicates thatgradient ultracentrifugation step is not the limiting step in AAV vectorpurification.

One advantage of our purification process compared to currently used‘industry standard’ scalable AAV vector purification processes is itsability to achieve higher purity via the inclusion of a step designed toefficiently remove product-related impurities. See FIGS. 1 and 2. Theclinical significance of AAV capsid-specific immune responses is hasbeen shown in studies by Manno et al. (2006: Nature Med), and theexistence of abundant unnecessary excess capsid antigen (e.g. AAV emptycapsids) and potentially immunostimulatory AAV encapsidated nucleicacids, i.e. vector related impurities, is described in the scientificliterature (Smith et al (2003) Mol Therapy (abstract); Chadeuf et al(2005) Mol Therapy; European Medicines Agency (2005) Report from theCHMP Gene Therapy Expert Group Meeting; Hauck et al (2009) Mol Therapy).Data from other groups that generate and purify recombinant AAV at largescale for translation research and clinical product development isprovided in FIG. 3 (from Hauck et al (2009) Mol Therapy).

EXAMPLE 2

An AAV vector (AAV2-hRPE65) purified using this method has beenadministered to patients and exhibited long-term efficacy in a clinicalstudies for Leber Congenital Amaurosis (Maguire et al (2008) N Engl JMed). Notably, similar AAV2-RPE65 vectors used by other groups purifiedby a manufacturing process that fails to remove vector-relatedimpurities demonstrated significantly weaker evidence of efficacy, evenwhen administered at higher doses (Bainbridge et al (2008) N Engl J Med,and Hauswirth et al (2008) Human Gene Ther).

Table 1 below provides a summary of this data.

TABLE 1 COMPARISON OF RESULTS OF RPE65-LCA CLINICAL TRIALS Age atbaseline RPE65 Follow-up Volume (ml) Injection (years)/gender mutation(months) Anesthesia Vector dose delivered location Current study P1 24/ME417Q/E417Q 3 L 5.96 × 10¹⁰  0.15 M P2 23/F R44Q/R91W 3 L 5.96 × 10¹⁰ 0.15 ST P3 21/M Y368H/Y368H 3 L 5.96 × 10¹⁰  0.15 T Bainbridge et al.Patient 1 23/M Y368H/Y368H 12 G 1.0 × 10¹¹ 1.0 M Patient 2 17/F IVS1 +5G>A/G40S 12 G 1.0 × 10¹¹ 1.0 M Patient 3 18/M E6X/D167Y 6 G 1.0 × 10¹¹1.0 M Maguire et al. Patient 1^(b) 26/F E102K/E102K 4.75 G 1.5 × 10¹⁰0.15 SN Patient 2^(b) 26/M E102K/E102K 2.75 G 1.5 × 10¹⁰ 0.15 M Patient3 19/F R234X/R234X 1.25 G 1.5 × 10¹⁰ 0.15 M Considered Patient SystemicOcular Entry Post- significant vision in dim immunosup- complicationsvisual acuity treatment visual acuity lighting pression reported (studyeye) visual acuity change (self-report) Current study P1 No FT 20/240^(a) 20/317 No + P2 No No  20/195^(a) 20/138 No + P3 No No 20/283^(a) 20/191 No + Bainbridge et al. Patient 1 Yes No 20/286 20/145No NC Patient 2 Yes No 20/662 20/662 No NC Patient 3 Yes No 20/11520/115 No + Maguire et al. Patient 1^(b) Yes No <20/2000  20/1050 Yes +Patient 2^(b) Yes MH <20/2000 20/710 Yes + Patient 3 Yes No 20/64020/290 Yes + Abbreviations: LCA, Leber congenital amaurosis; L, local;G, general anesthesia; M, macula including fovea; ST, superotemporalretina; SN, superonasal retina; T, temporal retina; MH, macular hole;FT, foveal thinning; NC, no change; NM, not measured; +,patient-reported improvement. ^(a)Average of two baseline measures.Refractive errors: P1 = −0.25 + 1.50 × 090; P2 = −1.50 + 0.50 × 075; P3= −2.70 + 1.75 × 100. ^(b)Fraternal twins.

The AAV2 vector, AAV2.hRPE65v2 contains the 1.6 kb human RPE65 cDNA4-6with a modified Kozak sequence engineered at the translational startsite. The cDNA is under control of a hybrid chicken β actin (CBA)promoter. AAV2-hRPE65 (specifically, AAV2-hRPE65v2) was manufacturedusing appropriate current Good Manufacturing Practices (cGMP) at theChildren's Hospital of Philadelphia using the vector purification methodreported herein. In particular, AAV2-RPE65 was generated by transienttransfection of HEK293 cells. The harvested cells and cell culturesupernatant was concentrated by tangential flow filtration using 100 kDaMolecular Weight cutoff hollowfiber membranes. The concentrated harvestwas subjected to three rounds of microfluidization to lyse cells andrelease AAV particles. The cell lysate was subjected to filtration(using a Sartorius 0.2 micron filter cartridge) and the clarified celllysate was subjected to cation exchange column chromatography usingPoros 50HS resin. Specifically, the clarified cell lysate was applied tothe resin in neutral buffered saline at a salt concentration ofapproximately 200 mM NaCl, washed (i.e. the resin subjected to solutionsthat remove impurities, but not bound AAV particles) with a neutralbuffered saline solution containing 5 mM sarkosyl (a surfactant) at asalt concentration of approximately 100 mM NaCl, further washed with aneutral buffered saline solution to remove residual sarkosyl, incubatedin a neutral buffered salt solution containing a nuclease (Benozonase)at a concentration of 100 Units/mL to digest and remove nucleic acidimpurities, and further washed with a neutral buffered saline solutionto remove residual nuclease. Finally AAV particles were eluted using aneutral buffered saline solution at a salt concentration ofapproximately 400 mM NaCl, providing sufficiently elevated ionicstrength to disrupt binding of AAV particles from the chromatographyresin. The purified AAV particles eluated from the cation exchangechromatography column were supplemented with high purity cesium choridesalt to a final concentration corresponding to a density ofapproximately 1.35 gm/mL, filtered through a sterile 0.2 micronmembrane, and then subjected to isopynic ultracentrifugation at 50,000rpm using a fixed angle rotor in a laboratory scale BeckmanUltracentrifuge. Post centrifugation, visible bands corresponding toAAV2-RPE65 were recovered from each centrifuge tube using sterileneedles and syringes. Collected bands corresponding to AAV2-RPE65 werepooled and subjected to diafiltration by tangential flow filtrationusing 100 kDa molecular weight cutoff hollowfibers, resulting in removalof cesium chloride from the AAV2-RPE65 vectors containing solution Thevector was then formulated into 180 mM NaCl, 20 mM sodium phosphate, and0.001% Pluronic F68 (also known as Poloxamer 188), pH7.3. These vectors,appropriately diluted, were administered to human subjects lacking anintegral form of the human RPE65 gene (and therefore suffering fromLeber congenital amaurosis, a form of blindness). The benefits realizedby the human subjects that received these vectors have been reported byMaguire et al (2008, 2009) and by Simonelli et al (2009). Two otherteams concurrently performed clinical studies with AAV2-RPE65 (i.e.recombinant AAV2 vectors containing the gene for human RPE65), and theresults of their studies have been reported. These other teams purifiedtheir AAV2-RPE65 vectors by a purification method that utilized columnchromatography, but lacked the gradient ultracentrifugation step. Assummarized by Hauswirth et al (2008), AAV2-RPE65 prepared using themethod reported herein (i.e. the platform AAV vector purification methodthat incorporates both column chromatography and gradientultracentrifugation, the steps combined in a manner to render thegradient ultracentrifugation scalable), was administered in the lowdoses to human subjects (approximately 4-fold to 7-fold lower than thedoses administered to humans by the other two teams) yet gave rise tothe best result. In particular, the best significant improvement invisual acuity (3 out of 3, see table 1) was observed by Maguire et al(2008). In contrast, Bainbridge et al (0 out of 3) and Hauswirth et al(0 out of 3) both reported no significant improvement in visual acuityin any of the subjects treated by them. Although other factors maycontribute to the differences observed in these clinical trials, it isclear that the AAV2-RPE65 purification method used for the trialreported by Maguire et al was a significant factor accounting for thesuperior efficacy observed.

The vector used in this study was modified to optimize delivery totarget cells by two mechanisms: 1) the addition of surfactant to thefinal formulation to prevent binding of vector to the injection device,an important consideration given the relatively low doses of vectordelivered and 2) elimination of vector related impurities which insuresthat every vector particle taken up by the target cells has thepotential to result in RPE65 expression. Standard vector preparations,purified without a step to remove empty capsid, are typically >80% emptycapsid, while the preparation used in these studies is >95% full capsid.

As mentioned above, all three patients with LCA2 who receivedAAV2.hRPE65v2 by subretinal injection showed evidence of improvement inretinal function. Improvement in the pupillary light reflex by objectivephysiological testing was accompanied by improved values in subjectivepsychophysical measures. Testing revealed gains in visual acuity at 6weeks; thereafter, there was a slower rate of improvement. Reduction innystagmus, such as the reduction we previously reported in caninestudies, may account for the improved visual acuity in the left(uninjected) eye of Patient 2. The improvements in the eyes thatreceived injection exceeded the limits of test-retest variability andwere of a magnitude believed to be of functional importance.

There were no apparent local or systemic adverse events elicited byexposure to the AAV vector. The macular hole that developed in the righteye of patient 2 two weeks after subretinal injection did not appear tobe related to AAV2.hRPE65v2 administration, since no signs ofinflammation or acute retinal toxicity were observed. We hypothesizethat the macular hole was caused by contraction of a preexistingmembrane stimulated by the surgical procedure, although it is possiblethat it was a direct result of the surgical procedure itself. Whereasthe development of a macular hole would not be expected to affectretinal function in patients with a loss of central vision similar tothat of our patients, it could critically affect the vision of thosewith a lesser degree of retinal degeneration.

The clinical benefit to the patients has been sustained during the 6months since the experimental treatment of LCA2 in Patient 1. Clearly,the improved purification process described herein, which removes emptycapsids from the formulation to be administered contributed to thisclinical benefit.

While the invention has been described in detail and with reference tospecific examples thereof, it will be apparent to one skilled in the artthat various changes and modifications can be made therein withoutdeparting from the spirit and scope thereof.

What is claimed is:
 1. A method for producing a highly purifiedadeno-associated (AAV) vector formulation said method comprising thesteps of: (a) harvesting cells comprising recombinant AAV vectorparticles; (b) concentrating said cells harvested in step (a) viatangential flow filtration to produce a concentrated harvest; (c) lysingsaid concentrated harvest produced in step (b) to produce a lysate; (d)filtering said lysate produced in step (c) to produce a clarifiedlysate; (e) subjecting said clarified lysate produced in step (d) to ionexchange column chromatography to produce a column eluate comprised ofpurified AAV vector particles, and optionally concentrating said columneluate by tangential flow filtration to produce a concentrated columneluate; (f) mixing said column eluate or said concentrated column eluateproduced in step (e) with cesium chloride to produce a mixture, andsubjecting said mixture to gradient ultracentrifugation to substantiallyseparate said bona fide AAV vector particles from empty capsid AAVvector particles and other AAV vector related impurities; (g) collectingsaid bona fide AAV vector particles separated in step (f) and subjectingsaid collected bona fide AAV vector particles to a buffer exchange bytangential flow filtration; (h) formulating said bona fide AAV vectorparticles resulting from step (g) with surfactant to produce an AAVvector formulation; and (i) filtering said AAV vector formulationproduced in step (h) to produce a highly purified AAV vector formulationin which at least 90% of the AAV vector particles in said highlypurified AVV vector formulation are bona fide AAV particles.
 2. A methodfor producing a highly purified AAV vector formulation according toclaim 1, wherein said bona fide AAV vector particles of the eluate ofstep (e) are present at a concentration of about 100 mg/mL.
 3. A methodfor producing a highly purified AAV vector formulation according toclaim 1, wherein said bona fide AAV vector particles are present in saidhighly purified AAV vector formulation produced in step (i) at aconcentration of 10¹⁵ particles per mL.
 4. A method for producing ahighly purified AAV vector formulation according to claim 1, whereinsaid bona fide AAV vector particles are present in said highly purifiedAAV vector formulation produced in step (i) at a concentration of 10¹⁶particles per mL.
 5. A method for producing a highly purified AAV vectorformulation according to claim 1, wherein said bona fide AAV vectorparticles are present in said highly purified AAV vector formulationproduced in step (i) at a concentration of 10¹⁷ particles per mL.
 6. Amethod for producing a highly purified AAV vector formulation accordingto claim 1, wherein said bona fide AAV vector particles are derived froman AAV selected from the group consisting of AAV1, AAV2, AAV5, AAV6,AAV8 and AAV9.
 7. An AAV vector particle formulation comprising bonafide AAV vector particles purified using the method of claim 1 in apharmaceutically acceptable carrier, and wherein the AAV particles inthe formulation are present at a concentration of at least 10¹⁵particles per mL.
 8. A method for producing a highly purified AAV vectorformulation according to claim 1, wherein said bona fide AAV particlescomprise a transgene that encodes a nucleic acid selected from the groupconsisting of a siRNA, an antisense molecule, miRNA a ribozyme and ashRNA.
 9. A method for producing a highly purified AAV vectorformulation according to claim 1, wherein said bona fide AAV particlescomprise a transgene that encodes a gene product selected from the groupconsisting of insulin, glucagon, growth hormone (GH), parathyroidhormone (PTH), growth hormone releasing factor (GRF), folliclestimulating hormone (FSH), luteinizing hormone (LH), human chorionicgonadotropin (hCG), vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF),angiopoietins, angiostatin, granulocyte colony stimulating factor(GCSF), erythropoietin (EPO), connective tissue growth factor (CTGF),basic fibroblast growth factor (bFGF), acidic fibroblast growth factor(aFGF), epidermal growth factor (EGF), transforming growth factor α(TGFα), platelet-derived growth factor (PDGF), insulin growth factors Iand II (IGF-I and IGF-II), TGFβ, activins, inhibins, bone morphogenicprotein (BMP), nerve growth factor (NGF), brain-derived neurotrophicfactor (BDNF), neurotrophins NT-3 and NT4/5, ciliary neurotrophic factor(CNTF), glial cell line derived neurotrophic factor (GDNF), neurturin,agrin, netrin-1 and netrin-2, hepatocyte growth factor (HGF), ephrins,noggin, sonic hedgehog and tyrosine hydroxylase.
 10. A method forproducing a highly purified AAV vector formulation according to claim 1,wherein said bona fide AAV particles comprise a transgene that encodes agene product selected from the group consisting of thrombopoietin (TPO),interleukins, monocyte chemoattractant protein, leukemia inhibitoryfactor, granulocyte-macrophage colony stimulating factor, Fas ligand,tumor necrosis factors α and β, interferons α, β, and γ, stem cellfactor, flk-2/flt3 ligand, IgG, IgM, IgA, IgD and IgE, chimericimmunoglobulins, humanized antibodies, single chain antibodies, T cellreceptors, chimeric T cell receptors, single chain T cell receptors,class I and class II MHC molecules.
 11. A method for producing a highlypurified AAV vector formulation according to claim 1, wherein said bonafide AAV vector particles comprise a transgene encoding a protein usefulfor correction of in born errors of metabolism selected from the groupconsisting of carbamoyl synthetase I, ornithine transcarbamylase,arginosuccinate synthetase, arginosuccinate lyase, arginase,fumarylacetacetate hydrolase, phenylalanine hydroxylase, alpha-1antitrypsin, glucose-6-phosphatase, porphobilinogen deaminase, factor V,factor VIII, factor IX, cystathione beta-synthase, branched chainketoacid decarboxylase, albumin, isovaleryl-coA dehydrogenase, propionylCoA carboxylase, methyl malonyl CoA mutase, glutaryl CoA dehydrogenase,insulin, beta-glucosidase, pyruvate carboxylate, hepatic phosphorylase,phosphorylase kinase, glycine decarboxylase, RPE65, H-protein,T-protein, a cystic fibrosis transmembrane regulator (CFTR) sequence,and a dystrophin cDNA sequence.
 12. A method for producing a highlypurified AAV vector formulation according to claim 11, wherein saidtransgene encodes Factor VIII or Factor IX.
 13. A method for producing ahighly purified AAV vector formulation according to claim 1, comprisingcollecting the empty capsid fraction separately in step (f).
 14. Amethod for producing a highly purified AAV vector formulation accordingto claim 1, wherein said empty capsids are present in said filtrate ofstep (i) in an amount of 10% or less.
 15. A method for producing ahighly purified AAV vector formulation according to claim 1, whereinsaid bona fide AAV vector particles are present in said filtrate of step(i) in an amount of at least 95%.
 16. A method for producing a highlypurified AAV vector formulation according to claim 14, wherein saidempty capsids are present in said filtrate of step (i) in an amount of5% or less.
 17. A method for producing a highly purified AAV vectorformulation according to claim 1, wherein said centrifugation in step(f) is conducted in a single step.
 18. A method for producing a highlypurified AAV vector formulation according to claim 1, wherein saidcentrifugation in step (f) is density gradient ultracentrifugation. 19.A method for producing a highly purified AAV vector formulationaccording to claim 1, wherein said column eluate in step (e) isconcentrated by tangential flow filtration to produce a concentratedcolumn eluate.
 20. A method for producing a highly purified AAV vectorformulation according to claim 1, further comprising adding a nucleaseto the lysate produced in step (c).
 21. A method for producing a highlypurified adeno-associated (AAV) vector formulation, said methodcomprising the steps of: (a) harvesting cells comprising recombinant AAVvector particles; (b) concentrating said cells harvested in step (a) viatangential flow filtration to produce a concentrated harvest; (c) lysingsaid concentrated harvest produced in step (b) to produce a lysate; (d)filtering said lysate produced in step (c) to produce a clarifiedlysate; (e) subjecting said clarified lysate produced in step (d) to ionexchange column chromatography to produce a column eluate comprised ofpurified AAV vector particles, and optionally concentrating said columneluate by tangential flow filtration to produce a concentrated columneluate; (f) mixing said column eluate or said concentrated column eluateproduced in step (e) with cesium chloride to produce a mixture; (g)subjecting said mixture in step (f) to gradient ultracentrifugationconducted in a single step to substantially separate said bona fide AAVvector particles from empty capsid AAV vector particles and other AAVvector related impurities; (h) collecting said bona fide AAV vectorparticles separated in step (g) and subjecting said collected bona fideAAV vector particles to a buffer exchange by tangential flow filtration;(i) formulating said bona fide AAV vector particles resulting from step(h) with surfactant to produce an AAV vector formulation; and (j)filtering said AAV vector formulation produced in step (i) to produce ahighly purified AAV vector formulation in which at least 90% of the AAVvector particles in said highly purified AVV vector formulation are bonafide AAV particles, and wherein said bona fide AAV vector particles arepresent in said highly purified AAV vector formulation at aconcentration of 10¹⁵ particles per mL.
 22. A method for producing ahighly purified AAV vector formulation according to claim 1, furthercomprising in step (a) harvesting cells and cell culture supernatantcomprising recombinant AAV vector particles and in step (b)concentrating said cells and said cell culture supernatant.
 23. A methodfor producing a highly purified AAV vector formulation according toclaim 21, further comprising in step (a) harvesting cells and cellculture supernatant comprising recombinant AAV vector particles and instep (b) concentrating said cells and said cell culture supernatant. 24.A method for producing a highly purified AAV vector formulationaccording to claim 1, wherein said bona fide AAV particles comprise atransgene that encodes a gene product selected from the group consistingof interleukin-1 through interleukin-17.